Constant Proportion Debt Obligation - CPDO
If you're reading this, you're probably researching the financial crisis. That's the only plausible explanation to type these four words into a Google Search.
Or...you're trying to predict the source of the next financial crisis, and you're looking at different derivative products that exist in these troubling times. Or maybe society has collapsed, and it wasn't the robots that killed us all, it was the return of mortgage derivatives.
Let's introduce another monster that was unleashed on the markets in 2006 before the mortgage crisis: the Constant Proportion Debt Obligation (CPDO). Federal Reserve Board's Michael Gordy described this as the possible "poster child for the excesses of financial engineering in the credit market" in a post-mortem of the mortgage meltdown.
Explaining a CDPO is like trying to teach a dog Spanish. But we’re going to give it a go.
Similar to CDOs, a CPDO is a structured credit product that is leveraged (as high as 15 times the level of capital) and typically has a ten-year maturity. However, they are highly complex in the ways that they're formed. The process requires the formation of a "special purpose vehicle." Then, after a series of investments in debt notes and swap indices, you end up with a product where investors pay money up front, and then occasionally receive coupons and cash payouts depending on the overall volatility in the market.
We’re just getting started. That’s the easy part. Because from here, it gets weird.
These things are so complicated that the Federal Reserve took more than a year trying to understand the leverage and mechanics of these trading instruments. And even then, they ended up with a paper so mind-bogglingly complex that, if we described how CPDOs actually operated, you would flee from your room in horror.
Launched in 2006, the first CPDO was called ABN Amro’s Surf. The first CPDO default came in November 2007 on a financial product issued by UBS. Widening credit spreads in 2007 and 2008 would lead to significant downturns in the net asset values of these products. By May 2008, a report by the Financial Times noted that Moody's had incorrectly given a lot of these products AAA ratings due to a glitch in their modeling. But many publications and analysts would later accuse the rating agencies of selling AAA ratings to protect their business with the banks.
The CPDO is part of the reason why every American was nearly forced into a Mad Max-style apocalypse in 2008. Feel free to quote us in your research paper. We know how complex these things are. One of our writers did his Master’s thesis on CDOs at Johns Hopkins. He turned ghost-white when we asked him to help draft this page.
Related or Semi-related Video
Finance: What is a Constant Dollar Plan?5 Views
Finance a la shmoop what is the constant dollar plan? well trying to game the [Two men playing monopoly]
market wait until that perfect day when it bottoms then you'll get invested yeah
well maybe if you were an MBA PhD and had ten years training at the best hedge
funds and had a natural knack for market timing and really new financial history [Resume appears]
well maybe then it might make sense for you to roll the dice even though knowing
that all of your brethren with the same background are wrong about half the time
but you're a plumber or a surgeon yeah not that much of a difference or a [Surgeon holding a heart]
lawyer or a professional wrestler so what on earth are you doing trying to be
smarter than the smartest professionals on Wall Street who are actually educated and
supposed to know how to do this stuff and even they're wrong a huge percentage
of the time right so you want to be invested in the stock markets all right
that's a smart move hard to argue and the US stock market has generally gone
up a whole lot over time you know about 10% a year with dividends reinvested [US stock market chart]
roughly so rather than trying to be clever about things and maybe sit in a
whole bunch of cash while the bull market takes off and you're just staring
at it not making money well why not take away the decision process and deploy
what's called a constant dollar plan well you want shares of given index fund
and call it ticker spwhy which represents the sp500 and is super cheap
on fees yeah like that super cheap like 18 cents for every hundred bucks that
you invest the management fees per year way cheap so you want to invest your [Man approaches piggy bank]
easy savings of five hundred bucks a month
well you just discipline yourself to oh i dunno, on the 15th of each month you invest
that 500 bucks regardless of the price of the index fund last month its NAV or
net asset value was 13 dollars and 38 cents a share and your $500 bought you a
500 / 13.3 yeah about 37 shares of it all right well this month dropped it's
now only 12.75 so your $500 buys you a few more shares that's 500 divided [Last month and this months stock values]
12.75 yeah got it next month well it might be $13 and 87 cents a share and
yep your $500 will then buy you fewer shares but do you really care can you do
anything about these differentials no should you hold your money in cash in a
B of A account getting 1% of your interest waiting for the NAV of the fund
to magically one day dip down to 12 dollars and 56 cents a share
hoping to then at that moment put all of your dough to work well what if the fun
never gets there and given that over time the market goes up when your not [Arrow points to stock value rising]
invested in it you're basically betting against it history or data in making
such a big bet there yeah how does that make sense so a constant dollar plan
takes away that risk kind of the the risk of missing the bull market the
market goes up about six out of every seven years so it's a bad bet to sit out
usually well that's a bad thing right so get invested and think of a constant
dollar plan as the religion of magic piggy banks that as long as you follow [Piggy bank levitating in a church]
the code of the Jedi and put that 500 bucks away every month regardless of
price you will wake up one day in great wealth and feeling the force of taxes
I'm sorry you knew we were going to go there [Man discussing taxes]