Quote 1
"I want to attempt a thing like that and am frightened by these trifles," [Raskolnikov] thought, with an odd smile. (1.1.5)
This is the first time we hear about Raskolnikov's bad idea. Even though most people already know the book is about a murder before they read it, it's still creepy and mysterious.
Quote 2
[Raskolnikov] was positively going now for a "rehearsal" of his project, and at every step his excitement grew more and more violent. (1.1.9)
Uh-oh. He really sounds like a criminal here. Depending on the crime, rehearsing can get you into almost as much trouble as actually committing it.
Quote 3
"Hey! You Svidrigaïlov! What do you want here?" [Raskolnikov] shouted, clenching his fists and laughing, spluttering with rage. (1.4.14)
Raskolnikov (and the readers) have only heard about Svidrigaïlov by this time. Raskolnikov calling the sketchy man in the park "Svidrigaïlov" foreshadows his presence in St. Petersburg and prepares us for his nastiness.
Quote 4
[Raskolnikov:] "I […] hinted that an 'extraordinary' man has the right […] an inner right to decide in his own conscience to overstep...certain obstacles, and only in case it is essential for the practical fulfillment of his idea (sometimes, perhaps, of benefit to the whole of humanity)." (3.5.101)
This is a more complicated-sounding version of what Raskolnikov hears the student say in the quote above from 1.6.14. This is when he's trying to explain his article on the matter to Porfiry. Knowing that he wrote an essay about this business helps us understand just how obsessed he really is with the idea.
Quote 5
[Raskolnikov:] "Surely it isn't beginning already! Surely it isn't my punishment coming upon me? It is!" (2.1.17)
This is just after the murder, when Raskolnikov is obsessing over possible evidence of his crime. The phrasing "coming upon me" suggests two interpretations of the passage: 1) that the beginning phase of Raskolnikov's punishment is being meted out by a force of justice, perhaps God and 2) that Raskolnikov is personifying punishment as a force of justice in and of itself.
Quote 6
[Raskolnikov:] "For one [Dounia] loves, for one she adores, she will sell herself!" (1.4.5)
Here, Raskolnikov is referring to Dounia, but he underestimates her. Although Dounia does think Luzhin can help Raskolnikov, once she knows what Luzhin's true intentions are, she calls it off. Raskolnikov's love for her certainly makes this easier.
Quote 7
[Raskolnikov:] "I've just been kissed by someone who, if I had killed anyone, would just the same...in fact I saw someone else there...with a flame-coloured feather." (2.7.135)
The kiss was from Polenka, Sonia's sister. This is not a Svidrigaïlov moment, mind you. Raskolnikov expresses deep concern for Polenka many times. The passage also comments on the big impression Sonia makes on him the first time he sees her.
Quote 8
[Raskolnikov and Sonia] were renewed by love; the heart of each held infinite sources of life for the heart of the other. (Epilogue.2.23)
Wow. Isn't that a contrast to the rest of the novel? This is what we all want. In some ways, love between Raskolnikov and Sonia seems impossible, even though their attraction is undeniable. This ending makes love seem possible for almost anybody.
Quote 9
"But, perhaps, there is no God at all," Raskolnikov answered with a sort of malignance, laughed and looked at her. (4.4.93)
This is in response to Sonia's insistence that "God" won't let Polenka become a prostitute. Believing or not believing in God are versions of individual reality. Raskolnikov sometimes believes in God and sometimes doesn't.
Quote 10
[Raskolnikov] was crushed by poverty, but the anxieties of his position had of late ceased to weigh upon him. (1.1.3)
This shows layers of suffering. The suffering Raskolnikov is experiencing as a result of the bad idea that won't leave him alone is so great that he doesn't feel the suffering he's experiencing as a result of his poverty.
Quote 11
[Raskolnikov:] "I did not bow down to you [Sonia], I bowed down to all the suffering of humanity," he said wildly and walked away to the window. (4.4.99)
We say elsewhere that Raskolnikov isn't very romantic to Sonia. That's not entirely true. He throws himself at her feet an awful lot, though he usually follows it with this kind of comment. More importantly, this passage shows that Raskolnikov sees Sonia as a symbol of everybody's suffering.
Quote 12
[Raskolnikov:] "They say it is necessary for me to suffer! What's the object of these senseless sufferings? Shall I know any better what they are for, when I am crushed by hardships and idiocy, and weak as an old man after twenty years' penal servitude?" (6.8.75)
Here, Raskolnikov is questioning the high premium everybody places on suffering as he debates whether or not to turn himself in and submit to prison. Also notice that he thinks he'll get at least 20 years in prison, but he only gets eight.
Quote 13
[Raskolnikov] was hopelessly in debt to his landlady, and was afraid of meeting her. (1.1.2)
Right away, the novel digs into one of our deepest fears: the landlady, or landlord as the case may be. Since it's only been a few years since the serfs were emancipated, and since the serfs were "owned" by people who also owned land, landperson phobia was probably extremely acute in Russia.
Quote 14
"I want to attempt a thing like that and am frightened by these trifles," [Raskolnikov] thought, with an odd smile. (1.1.5)
Of course, Raskolnikov is referring to his murderous idea. Part of what his mixed-up brain wants to do is overstep his fears of the landlady, to reach a place where he is in power, either literally or by becoming fearless.
Quote 15
"On a broken chair stood a candle in a battered copper candlestick." (4.4.4)
This is the first thing Raskolnikov sees when he enters Sonia's home. Notice how both the chair and the candlestick are rather beaten up? Dostoevsky really wants to emphasize Sonia's poor living conditions.
Quote 16
"And...and do you believe in God? Excuse my curiosity."
"I do," repeated Raskolnikov, raising his eyes to Porfiry. (3.5.104-5)
This is part of the reason we question Raskolnikov's "religious conversion" at the end of the novel. He claims he was already religious. He also tells Porfiry he believes in the story of Lazarus "literally." Even though he doesn't think God can or will solve any problems for him, there is much proof that he has many religious experiments way before the ending.