Sequences, especially arithmetic and geometric ones, are good for word problems.
Sequence story problems come in two main flavors. If these flavors were ice cream, they'd be vanilla and rocky road. We may have to find
- the value of a particular term an. This is the standard vanilla problem.
- the value of n at which the terms do something in particular. This is the more complicated, rocky road problem.
In general, it's good strategy to write out the first few terms of the sequence in question so we can see the pattern of the terms. Maybe we can do it with ice cream cone in hand.
Sample Problem
An old story goes that a peasant won a reward from the king, and asked for rice: one grain to be placed on the first square of a chessboard, two grains on the second square, four on the third square, and so on. Each square was to contain double the number of grains on the previous square.
- How many grains of rice would be on the 32nd square?
- Which square would contain exactly 512 grains of rice?
Answer.
If we look at the first few terms, we can see the pattern:
The nth square contains 2n – 1 grains of rice. We have
an = 2n – 1
where n is the square and an is how many grains of rice are on that square. Now we're prepared to answer the questions.
- The question "How many grains of rice would be on the 32nd square?" is asking us to find the value of the 32nd term. No problem:
a32 = 231 = 2,147,483,648.
- The question "Which square would contain exactly 512 grains of rice?" is asking us what value of n makes an = 512. We use the formula we have for an and solve for n:
512 = an
= 2n – 1
log 2 512 = n – 1
9 = n – 1
n = 10
This means the 10th square would contain exactly 512 grains of rice.
Be Careful: One type of sequence problem asks us to find a value of an. Another asks us to find a value of n. We should be sure to provide the correct information in our answer.
Sometimes when we're asked to find a value of n, we might solve an equation or inequality and get a value of n that isn't a whole number. This is where the road can get bumpy, so we could take a lick of our rocky road cone, and then we'd try out the whole numbers to either side and see which gives a better answer.
Example 1
Liana runs 0.25 miles on January 1st. She runs 0.5 miles farther each day.
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Exercise 1
A giant cookie sits on a plate. Cookie Monster eats half the cookie with one bite. With another bite he eats half of the remaining cookie.
Cookie Monster keeps taking bites, eating half the remaining cookie with each bite.
(a) After 5 bites, what fraction of the cookie has Cookie Monster eaten?
(b) How many bites does it take before less than one one-thousandth of the cookie remains?
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of the cookie.
, we need to solve the inequality
Exercise 2
A dress is listed at $150. At the end of each week the price is reduced by 10%.
(a) What is the price of the dress after 8 weeks?(b) After how many weeks will the dress be less than $50?
(hint: If 10% of the price is taken off, then 90% of the price remains.)
is negative, and negative signs do funny things to inequalities. To avoid the negatives, let's rearrange the fractions before taking the log.
Exercise 3
A dress is listed at $75. At the end of each week the price is reduced by $2.
(a) What is the price of the dress after 8 weeks?(b) After how many weeks will the dress be less than $50?
Exercise 4
During her first week of biking, Jenny bikes 3km per day. Each week, she bikes 3km farther per day than she did the previous week.
(a) How many weeks does it take Jenny to get up to 15km per day?(b) How far does Jenny bike on her 31st day?
Exercise 5
A particular drug decays in the system so that 1 day after taking a dose, 30% of the drug remains in the bloodstream. Paco takes one pill.
(a) What percent of the drug remains in Paco's bloodstream 5 days after taking one dose?(b) How many days before less than 1% of the drug remains in Paco's bloodstream?
