Brief History  Our understanding on what things are and what those things are made of has understandably evolved through the years. It's understandable because the closer we look at the world,...

We've spent a great deal of time in this Atomic section discussing electrons and their orbits and their energies, but they're not the only particle in an atom. As we saw in Section 1, Ernest Ruther...

The difference between nuclear and atomic physics and particle physics is that nuclear and atomic physics concern matter in atoms and nuclei. Particle physics deals primarily with the interactions...

The AtomSI units matter a lot for electron energy level conversion, but not for comparing energy levels to each other.The units we use for time in the half-life equation don't matter, however, beca...

The Atom1. After acquiring a time machine, we decide to visit Rutherford to test his skills and knowledge. We break into his lab right before he conducts his scattering experiment, replacing his α...